The Theories of Creationism and Evolution

Creationism is the belief that all life and matter on this planet was created by a god or supreme being. It states that a god is the creator of all, and that he (or she) created everything out of nothing. This is a strong belief of many, and seriously contradicts scientific thinking. One can not mention creationism and not say something about the Bible s creation story. It takes place over seven days in which God creates the universe out of nothing. And the earth was without shape and void (genesis 1:1) The breakdown of creation is as follows: Day 1 God made light and separated it from the dark, making day and night. Day 2 God created the water below and the sky above. Day 3 God made earth and made plants grow on it in abundance. Day 4 God created the moon, the sun, the stars and the planets. Day 5 God made the birds of the sky and the creatures of the deep seas. Day 6 God created the animals and the human beings of earth. Day 7 God rested after work. This explanation of creation is preached in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Ever since the idea of evolution came about, (see Part II) creation scientist, have been trying to prove their theory over evolution. They cite these major issues: 1. There are no transitional links and intermediate forms in either the fossil record or the modern world, which means, there is no actual evidence that evolution has occurred either in the past or the present. 2. Natural selection (the supposed evolution mechanism, along with mutations) is incapable of advancing an organism to a â€Å"higher-order. 3. Although evolutionists state that life resulted from non-life, matter resulted from nothing, and humans resulted from animals, each of these is an impossibility of science and the natural world. 4. The supposed hominids (creatures in-between ape and human that evolutionists believe used to exist) bones and skull record used by evolutionists often consists of `findsÙŽ which are thoroughly unrevealing and inconsistent. They are neither clear nor conclusive even though evolutionists present them as if they were. 5. Nine of the twelve popularly supposed hominids are actually extinct apes/ monkeys and not part human at all. 6. The final three supposed hominids put forth by evolutionists are actually modern human beings and not part monkey/ ape at all. Therefore, all twelve of the supposed hominids can be explained as being either fully monkey/ ape or fully modern human but not as something in between. 7. The rock strata finds (layers of buried fossils) are better explained by a universal flood than by evolution. Using these and other arguments, Creationists (those who believe in creationism) have fought for what they believe and so far have made some interesting impacts in the nation and around the world. For instance, recently in Kansas, the school board decreed that evolution was to be taken off the science curriculum. It was not to be taught. At all. Part II Evolution: The belief that all life evolved, or mutated into what it is today. Charles Darwin started off the whole evolution revolution after studying creatures in the Galapagos Islands. He published his controversial book, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which appeared in 1859. Darwin is hailed as the father of modern theories of evolution. Common usage of the word â€Å"evolution† is the idea that living things in our world have come into being through unguided natural processes starting from a primeval soup of subatomic particles and radiation, over approximately 20 billion years. The idea of evolution that was stated above can be infinitely explained using a combination of the following four studies: 1. Cosmology is the branch of astronomy that deals with the origin and formation of the general structure of the universe. 2. Abiogenesis refers to first life, which is the production of living things from inanimate matter. 3. Macro-evolution or general evolution refers the progression to more complex forms of life. The way of macro-evolution, including whether or not micro-evolution over a long enough time leads to macro-evolution, can be regarded as a â€Å"research topic.† 4. Micro-evolution or speciation refers to population and species change throughout time. There are many examples of speciation, if by the development of a new â€Å"species† we are referring to development of a new population of creatures which will not breed with the original population to produce viable offspring. Micro-evolution is a scientific fact which no one, including creationists, can dispute. The accepted ways if explaining micro-evolution are â€Å"mutation† and â€Å"natural selection.† Mutations are â€Å"mistakes† in the genetic material used for reproduction, which can occur for many reasons (example: as a result of exposure to radiation.) Naturally occurring mutations are very rare, and it is understood that the ones that do occur, almost all have a bad effect. The occasional positive mutation, giving some benefit to the organism, provides the â€Å"new material† for natural selection to work with. Natural selection is based on the thought that there is variation among creatures in a population. Natural selection says that those individuals who have some advantage in their environment (such as being a faster runner, having a better camouflage, etc.) are more likely to have more offspring, which makes the probability of passing the advantage on to future generations. The Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) is typically a whitish moth covered with black spots. This coloring gives an effective camouflage for the moths as they sit on some kinds of birch trees. Like people, however, these moths can be found in a range of colors from very black to very white and all the shades in between. In a famous study in England it was found that when the white trees, on which the moths sat, became dirty (dark) from pollution, birds ate more of the lighter moths, apparently missing the darker ones because of their blending in with the trees. It was no surprise that the population of darker moths increased while the lighter ones decreased. Later on, when the city got together some better pollution laws the trees returned to a lighter color. Along with this, the lighter moths proliferated and the darker ones dwindled in numbers. This is clearly natural selection in action, but is it evolution? Not really, unless natural variation within species that happens in all plants and animals is called â€Å"evolution.† The problem with calling this type of variation evolution is that it is very limited. There are, for example, over 150 breeds of dogs recognized by the AKC and more are added each year, but they are all dogs. You can select for dogs with long ears or short ears, go for big dogs or small dogs, but you can’t select for dogs with flippers. The reason is obvious, there are no genes for wings in the gene pool of the dog. Because of this, dogs will be remain dogs and Peppered Moths will be Peppered Moths. Part III Let the party begin: The fight and contrast of creationist ideas and those of evolutionists. The problem between the creationist and the evolutionists is that they have no common ground. Their theories are based on an all-or-nothing concept. If one is accepted, the other is discarded. That is just the way they are set up. Because of this, the battle rages on. Each side has had their triumphs and disappointments. Some of the best minds in the world are working to prove to all people that their ideas are better. For instance, some creationist argue there is not a single known case of a truly good mutation, one having no negative side effects. This can be easily argued with using the is not response that everybody remembers from early childhood. Unfortunately for the creationists, there is scientific evidence all science is based on theory. Theory can easily be debunked, depending on how the data is looked at. The war continues. In another instance creationists say that natural selection can only select: among already existing traits-it cannot create something new, such as dogs with wings. While this idea has not been proven false, it has not been proven true either. Evolutionists can dismiss this statement by saying that normal genetic changes take place and natural selection helps out. The spiral of argument is never ending. The reason that the two sides can never see eye to eye on anything goes beyond beliefs into semantics. Each side uses the word theory differently. Evolutionists see theory as a scientifically provable and repeatable series of circumstances. Creationists use the word theory as what someone thinks or supposes will happen. And so creationism can be called a theory equal to the theory of evolution. As far as anybody can see this struggle between these two camps has no finish. As long as there is no distinct evidence to prove one way or another, people will argue over these two theories and brainpower will be spent. Even if there were a conclusion to this battle, there would still be some who wouldn t believe, and so there would still be controversy. Who knows? Nothing can be proven.

Home Depot Essay

Home Depot is considered to be one of the top ranking home improvement organizations. The mission statement of this organization was formulated around being â€Å"committed to maximizing long term shareholder value while supporting management in the business and operations of the company, observing the highest ethical standards and adhering to the laws of the jurisdictions within which the company operates† (Homer TLC INC, 2010). The Home Depot transformed the â€Å"home improvement industry† by providing a well round reputation for products, corporate governance and strong values within the community. The purpose of The Home Depot remains to build relationships, have social responsibility, and concrete ethics as an organization. Employees are respected, offered growth and reputable incentive plans. Public policy makers and Home Depot collaborates on ideas to assure prosperity in our society. Home Depot delivers great customer service by revealing the best techniques in home improvement for amateur clientele. There are over 2,200 retail stores in the United States and 272 internationally. Overall, these features promote essential organizational communication dynamics. Organizational communication sets the organization apart from the rest. This also promotes a clear understanding of cultural dimensions. Home Depot History Founded in 1978, The Home Depot, Inc. is the world’s largest home improvement specialty retailer and the fourth largest retailer in the United States with fiscal 2010 retail sales of $68. 0 billion and earnings from continuing operations of $3. 3 billion. The Home Depot has more than 2,200 retail stores in the United States (including Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands and the territory of Guam), Canada, Mexico and China. The Home Depot employs over 255,000 associates, and operates 478 warehouses. The Home Depot is the fastest growing retailer in U. S. history. In 1981, the company went public on NASDAQ and moved to the New York Stock Exchange in 1984. The 1980s and 1990s spawned tremendous growth for the company, with 1989 marking the celebration of its 100th store opening. From the beginning, The Home Depot developed strategic product alliances directly with industry-leading manufacturers to deliver the most exclusive assortments to customers. Through a combination of national brands and proprietary products the company sets the standard for innovative merchandise for the do-it-yourselfer From the start, associates were able to offer the best customer service in the industry, guiding customers through projects such as laying tile, changing a fill valve or handling a power tool. Not only did store associates undergo rigorous product knowledge training, but they also began offering clinics so customers could learn how to do it themselves. The Home Depot revolutionized the home improvement industry by bringing the know-how and the tools to the consumer and by saving them money. Home Depot History Bernard March, Arthur Blank and Ronal Brill incorporated the Home Depot in 1978. They found financing from a New York venture capital firm and started Home Depot in Atlanta, Georgia. This team Recognizing that more than 60% of building supply industry sales were do-it-yourselfers and that most did not have the precise knowledge to successfully accomplish home repair or home improvement projects themselves; Home Depot opted to offer that service to the public. The management team of Home Depot devised a two part plans to insure success. 1. Ensure the Home Depot had ampule stock; their target was at least 25,000 items. 2. Train sales staff in every store to be product knowledgeable. They also wanted to make the experience of shopping at Home Depot and experience that would bring you back to the store for additional sales and expert services. The Home Depot story is one of success due to clever thinking and good ideas. Today they are involved in the upscale interior design market, and taking on some leadership roles in the communities that their stores have entered. They have also become involved in humanitarian efforts such as local welfare organizations, Habitat for Humanity to the Boys and Girls Club of Canada and the United States. Bob Nardelli is Watching Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank left their posts without any warning. There wasn’t any evidence or indication that the founders would leave Home Depot. Employee morale was high and customer service was great! Expansion of the company was going along wonderfully and there was no doubt that Home Depot was a contender in the home improvement industry. Home Depot needed a major revamping and few people knew about the financial state of the company. Marcus and Blank allowed a very disjointed culture to exist within the company. Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank, the founders of Home Depot, had paved a road to bankrupt the company. In comes Bob Nardelli to save the day. The Home Depot board of directors sought after Bob, once he was passed over for the top position at GE. Immediately upon taking over as CEO, Nardelli started to centralize processes. This proved to be extremely radical for existing personnel. Bob upgraded computers, software, and hired a Director of Human Resources, which Home Depot had never had before. Nardelli started a recruitment program, which had been very successful for him at GE. He focused on retirees, Hispanics, and military officers. Walking into a culture where there was little to no structure, Nardelli knew that he would need personnel that would â€Å"understand the mission,† (Regingold 2007) which is why there are so many employees with military experience. Nardelli brought discipline to Home Depot. Under Bob Nardelli, Home Depot doubled their sales, opened a contractor’s sales division, and boosted Home Depot’s commitment to volunteerism. Frank Blake is Home Depot’s ‘Calmer-in-Chief’ Almost immediately after assuming the role of CEO, Frank Blake used The Home Depot’s existing intra-communication system to read to the employees from a book written by the founders. This gesture set the tone for his leadership style and relayed a clear message to the employees, The Home Depot was returning to their grass roots leadership style. Blake intended to â€Å"recapture some of the culture fostered by its founders. It also syncs with his push to get the company back to its service-oriented roots. † (Tobin, 2010) Blake is described as mellow and a sharp contrast to his predecessor, Bob Nardelli, who is portrayed as emotionally high strung. Unfortunately Blake was given the daunting task of having to lay off thousands of people, close stores and spearhead and internal restructuring. Although Blake has improved employee morale and customer satisfaction, â€Å"Home Depot still lags archrival Lowe’s and smaller hardware stores for customer service, according to external surveys. And the housing market that fueled the chain’s growth remains moribund, leaving much on Blake’s plate. † (Tobin, 2010) In contrast, Home Depots claims that their internal surveys show that employee morale and customer satisfaction are up. â€Å"By most accounts, Home Depot needed cultural healing when Blake was named chief executive. (Tobin, 2010) As CEO, Blake sought the advice of consultants like Marcus and Blank and embraced their motivational techniques as demonstrated this by allowing them to speak annually with his management team. Blake has accomplished reestablishing the organizational culture that was dismantled under Bob Nardelli. Home Depot Foundation The Home Depot Foundation was created to help those who are having financial difficulties with home improvements and repairs. The Home Depot Foundation decided to contribute $30 million to our veterans who are struggling with significant financial concerns. The Home Depot Foundation has also teamed up with â€Å"Gift In Kind International† to address financially disadvantage families. A noticeable goal within this project delivers lower energy cost and consumption. A contribution of $100 million for supplies or products was noted for donation across non-profit agencies since 2008 on a national level (Homer TLC INC, 2011). The â€Å"Framing Hope Program† was also noted as assisting with home repair or improvement through Home Depot. Home Depot provides non-profit agencies or organizations material that is discontinued from stock. This business transaction offers a win-win scenario for all arties involved. The shareholders and Home Depot give resources to those in the community in need and avoid landfills being occupied. Landfills are designed to bury trash underground. The trash has a supportive barrier to prevent it from leaking into our ground water. However, eliminating the overflow of this process is an eco- friendly suggestion. This benefits the environment and business strategic management objectives. Most of the companies being used are Fortune 100 organizations in the United States. Close to $270 Million has been donated to programs that support families in need. The Home Depot Foundation and the Gifts of Kind International have assisted thousands of families in need. These organizational leaders show that their organizational values and culture are productive in nature. The reputation of Home Depot and those that are similar, demonstrate strength in its business model. Theory Research states that The Home Depot is one of the best companies to work for with a high customer focus, great product selection, high employee morale, and an entrepreneurial spirit. The key to The Home Depot’s success is treating people well. Associates are encouraged to share the company’s vision on volunteerism and participate in the many causes that The Home Depot supports in the community and in society. The Home Depot uses their values to guide the beliefs and actions of all associates on a daily basis. These values are The Home Depot’s advantage in the global marketplace. Theory: The Home Depot is a Theory Y organization because employees are encouraged to speak up and take risks, they are recognized and rewarded for good performance, and they are provided with leadership and development so that they can grow. Evaluation and Measurement of Organizational Culture Examination of an organizations ability to communicate within its culture is vital for success. The Home Depot has proven that it holds the record for being a reputable organization among competitive industry peers. The Home Depot functions as a â€Å"Theory Y† organization according to how the management responds to operational goals, employees and production. The Home Depot uses teleconferencing to immediately reach associates. This proved to be a great tool when Frank Blake took over as CEO after Bob Nardelli. Nardelli was a leader that provided structure and streamlined processes, and at the time of Bob’s arrival The Home Depot needed both. Nardelli did not include customers and associate morale in his vision for the company. Nardelli ran the company with military precision and this created a climate of fear. On his first day as CEO, Arthur Blake read from a copy of â€Å"Built from Scratch,† the company biography written by The Home Depot founders, Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank. Using this channel to communicate with the company allowed Blake to send the message that, â€Å"We are who we are, because of the way that things were done in the beginning. Choosing this channel of communication at this time gave Blake a chance to start the healing process at The Home Depot. This showed a small degree of power distance within the organization. Every employee had been through radical changes with the former CEO and everyone needed to know that things were going to be okay, and they needed to hear that from the CEO. The Home Depot uses face-to-face channels of communication to encourage sociability. Diversity is encouraged within the employment population to generate a creative perspective. The diversity ranges from different cultures, out of country suppliers and divisional council groups. The morale of the those involved are high due to the focal point being to improve one’s community and growth of your own personal endeavors through training. These two factors encourage employees to be creative in handling outside community functions while feeling at ease with their responsibilities at work. The informal communication networks are established within this organization by means of group councils, Diversity panels, employee social functions, community interaction, being a team player, and a customer centered focus. There are copies of The Home Depot’s list of Values almost everywhere you turn throughout the organization. These rules are considered to be The Home Depot’s bread and butter. Writing the rules down and ensuring that there is mass distribution shows employees of the organization that the company is committed to the success of each employee. The Values state that good performance will be rewarded and associates will be developed so that they may grow. The Values also state that associates are to embody the â€Å"orangeblooded entrepreneurial spirit† of The Home Depot and take risks and initiate creative and innovative ways to serve the customers. The Values ask the associates to build strong relationships and to have respect for all people. These two requests prove that The Home Depot is tolerant of conflict but encourages solving the problem at the lowest level. The organization recognizes that there will be disagreements, and each associate is given the communication tools to operate effectively in any situation. ?

Should Prison Be Punished For A Crime - 2383 Words

Individuals are sent to prison be punished for a crime committed and to be kept away from society. While some criminals are violent sociopaths, and may never be rehabilitated, many criminals can be corrected and taught to improve themselves. A variety of programs are designed to help inmates learn from their mistakes and prepare for release. These programs require funding, and with an imperfect penal system, there are certain elements of prison which may exacerbate criminal behavior. Ideally, when individuals are sent to prison, they would learn how to improve themselves and better understand the consequences of their crime. Upon completion of their sentence, inmates would be ready to become productive members of society. Inmates who must serve life sentences would still find a sense of peace, even though they must remain in prison. Unfortunately, this perfect system of punishment and redemption does not exist. The amount of rehabilitation an inmate undergoes often depends on the prison in which they are incarcerated. While some prisons provide programs that help inmates improve, other prisons are brutal facilities designed solely to retain inmates and keep them away from society. Prison can be a brutal atmosphere for many reasons. The shock of being incarcerated and knowing that one’s basic freedoms are obliterated can be psychologically jarring. Being in prison can wreak havoc on the psyche and many inmates may require some form of therapy to help them toShow MoreRelatedControversy On Luxuries On Prisons1615 Words   |  7 Pagesin Prisons In today s prison system of the United States, over 75% of the prisoners have the right to many luxuries while incarcerated instead of getting punished for the crimes committed. In fact, many inmates receive better health care than most people in the United States. Certainly, inmates have more luxuries than the citizens who work hard for them. 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Kennedy s Policy Goals During The Cold War - 968 Words

Kennedy learned various lessons from Cuba and Berlin such as: looking for diplomatic solutions, being skeptical of his advisors, and to not act without plausible deniability. Kennedy would carry over those lessons for the rest of his term as President. Had Kennedy remained President from 1964-1968, the lessons acquired from Cuba and Berlin would have prevented an escalation in Vietnam. Kennedy viewed getting involved in Vietnam as a disruption to his foreign policy goals. One of Kennedy’s primary concerns during the Cold War was preventing escalation with the Soviet Union, it was a larger concern to him than to his advisors. The United States lacked support from other major countries and by interfering in Vietnam, the relationship with China that Kennedy wanted would have been negatively impacted. Kennedy’s priority during the Cold War was to defuse conflicts in Europe, and Vietnam would have been a secondary struggle with no real benefit. Kennedy demonstrated his sk epticism to his advisor’s proposals by rejecting Rostow’s Berlin proposals. As a second term President, Kennedy would only have more freedoms when making foreign policy decisions. Kennedy did not want militaristic escalation in Vietnam, and would ensure that escalation would not take place. Although Kennedy did want to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, sending ground troops was not the way he wanted to accomplish his goals. Kennedy would carry over his diplomatic intentions or quick actionShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning Of The Cold War1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe year 1945 is the year that became known as the beginning of the Cold War. This war was and continues to be an ideological standoff between the ideas of Russian Communism and American Democracy and Capitalism. 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Kennan, that started in the late 1940’s and was created to stop the spread of communism by providing economic aid, and military aid to countries opposing the Soviets.   All three cold war presidents had similarities andRead MoreWhy Did The Cold War Start And How Did It Develop Over Its First Three Decades?841 Words   |  4 PagesWhy did the Cold War start and how did it develop over its first three decades? During WWII the United States and the Soviet Union fought together as allies against the Axis powers. However, it was not without tension on both sides. After WWII ended the tension between both sides continued and gradually increased. For two years they tried to come to some sort of agreement over their differences over the division of Europe, postwar economic aid, and the atomic bomb through negotiation and discussionRead MoreAmerican Foreign Policy1482 Words   |  6 Pages As the Cold War continued, American foreign policy morphed. 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Napster Case Solution free essay sample

Viability of Anapest as a revenue generating company. Case in brief: Anapest is a brainchild of Shawn fanning, launched on June 1 , 1999 as a peer-to-peer music downloading program for college students. Anapest became a one of the most popular sites on the internet, claiming some 15 million users in little more than a year. From the beginning, Anapest facing so many problems from the ARIA and music Industry players. Anapest violated the copyrights by allowing users to swap the music recordings for free. However, on March 5, 2001 Anapest was ordered by the U. S. Court to stop trading copyrighted material.The following Year Anapest filed for bankruptcy and was bought out by Ratio Inc. Key success factors: ere main point in the case Is the Principle of copyright protection will enable the Anapest to transform Itself from a freeloaders paradise to a revenue generating business In the face of competition. Before considering the availably of Anapest as a revenue generating company, analysis of key drivers of success Is required. We will write a custom essay sample on Napster Case Solution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anapest Is the first success story of distributed computing which Is using unused capacity of he millions of computers on the Internet be an efficient source of processing power. Anapest, with its central servers, is not the purest form of distributed computing, but is an important step in that direction. The development of MPH format and portable MPH players has played a major role in success of Anapest. Situation Analysis: If the Anapest providing a service of copyrighted materials, it has to charge for these services. In this case, copyrighted music is tightly held by the recording industry and the cost to acquire those assets are extremely high.Given that copyrighted music is tightly held and the limited nature of Anapests financial resources, Anapest can only hope to acquire these assets through alliances. Moreover, an alliance will not be useful unless a minimum number of record companies commit to this alliance. Strategic alternatives: Despite the reluctance to pay for online content, have to create a awareness that content cannot remain free forever, driven by awareness of financial problems that Internet companies are having as well as by recognizing that content creators must chive compensation for their work. The key to any subscription-based model is to understand the features that the consumer values (demand), and to offer those features with level of exclusivity (scarcity). To succeed in the dynamic music market, Anapest must offer a tiered set of subscriptions with different levels of payment and commitment. Service options could be In a following packages. * Pay per download: Small cost to downloading a particular song. Offers all kinds of control and flexibility to user. Would require registration with site. Incompetents might be useful here. Unlimited access to specific Anapest defined libraries: This could mean access to the popular content or even artist based access. * Unlimited access to all content based on limited time commitment: * Unlimited commitment: this could means commitment for a minimum of 1 year. The sustainability of a subscription-based service Is possible only If Anapest can align Itself with all the major record labels to have their content available on their site. The other key variable Is the need to develop a more secure format against the piracy. This can be achieved only with a software.Creating an appealing pay service will be a steep hurdle, particularly with the fact that the users have got accustomed to the free service and the presence of competitors who can provide the same service free. In addition, the sentiment that they have been charged excessively by the music industry is prevalent among the consumers and needs effort from all sides to correct this problem. Anapest has sown the seeds of a digital revolution where the consumers have become tired of the rotational distribution model and have started expecting more.But its hard to deny the compelling advantages provided by these new technologies. As technology advances across the board and online digital delivery slowly replaces CD sales, these issues will become more and more pressing for the major labels. Anapest needs to make recording companies realize a vision of a digital future. Recognizing and planning for future market needs now will allow these major labels or anyone else No responds well to these market needs to survive as the future of the music industry.

Letting Nature Decide

Introduction Genetic diseases are inheritable diseases which can be passed from the parents to the offspring’s. Hereditary diseases are very harmful when allowed to run through generation. If there is history of a genetic disorder within their family, they should ensure that they take the necessary steps to minimize it without necessarily going for a DNA test. The most important way is to avoid marriage unions within the family institution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Letting Nature Decide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, the family should learn how to interact with people with such disorders to prevent further spreading. The paper is going to outlines some of the genetic disorders, what causes them and necessary measures of treatment. The paper will also discuss reasons as to why parents should not have their DNA tested, why those with higher chances of getting genetic disorders should not b e charged more by insurance companies and finally support the fact that people who refuse to have their DNA tested should not pay more to insurance companies. Genes Genes are molecular units that carry the hereditary material in an organism. They are segments of the DNA that determine the characteristics of individuals. For instance, physical characteristics like body size, height and color are determined by genes. Genetic disorders are also passed from the parent to the offspring. The individual inherits some of the characteristics from the mother and the rest is inherited from the father. Heredity plays a major role in determining whether an individual will be bright or a great athlete among other abilities. However, the environment in which an individual is exposed to may be of great influence to his/her interests and abilities. These include the kind of people an individual interacts with, foods and substances consumed and place of residence. Sometimes changes occur in the compo sition of genes in a process called mutation. Mutation occur when genes are growing old or due to exposure to chemicals and radiation. Mutations are however detected by cells and repaired. Gene mutations cause diseases if not repaired. Children inherit mutated genes from the sperm and egg cells of their parents (Lashley, 2005). Genetic Disorders Genetic disorders arise as a result of abnormal functioning of genes. Human body carries harmful genes. Some of these genes are recessive such that people may not realize that they carry them. Effects of the genes will be felt only after exposure to environmental changes. However, the effects of some genes are manifested before or from the birth of a child.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to a study conducted by the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom, about 3% of the total number of children is born with genetic dis orders. It is approximated that a population of about 13,000 births suffer from genetically related diseases in the United Kingdom. The condition may take some time before manifesting itself or it may manifest itself during the early stages of life (Swarts, 2009). Causes of genetic disorders Genetic disorders are caused by many factors. Genetic disorders may be passed from the parents to the offspring’s during the process of fertilization. If one of the parents has a genetic disorder, he/she may pass the disorder to the unborn child. The chances of getting the disorder are even higher when both parents have the disorder. Examples of inheritable diseases include sickle cell anemia and hemophilia. Secondly, the environment in which an individual lives increasing the chances of contracting genetic diseases. People living in mosquito breeding areas where malaria attacks are high are likely to contract sickle cell anemia. The disease is characterized by sticking together of the he moglobin producing blood cells in the shape of a sickle. The body does not have sufficient supply of oxygen because red blood cells are few. Some of the genetic diseases like tuberculosis are air-born. Living in poorly ventilated houses with such people increases the chances of getting the disease. Sharing personal items like clothing and utensils may also lead to attacks (Doak, 2011). Some people are allergic to some things like foods, smells and dust. Exposure to such things may lead to genetic disease. For instance some people get tuberculosis out of dust allergies. Climatic changes may influence individual health negatively. Movement of people to new areas increases the chances of getting some diseases. Finally, meiosis may contribute to genetic diseases. The process involves combination of genes during which exchange of genetic materials takes place. Problems occur when chromosomes undergo abnormal combination. For instance, some information may be lost (deletion), inverted (tr anslocation) or multiplied (duplication). Diseases related to abnormal combination of chromosomes include Cri du Chat syndrome and Down syndrome (Doak, 2011). Treatment of Genetic Disorder Genetic diseases cannot be cured but medical measures can be applied to minimize its effects. For example, Porphyria variegate is a genetic disease commonly found in South Africa. Victims find it hard to walk during the day because the effects of the sun make them develop rashes on their skin.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Letting Nature Decide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, staying in shade is the solution to the problem. Staying in a shade does not mean that the person is cured because he/she is still carrying the gene (Swarts, 2009). Transfusion is a treatment measure towards sickle cell anemia victims, but the condition is not cured. Breast cancer is another disease which runs through generations. Patients are treated through the removal of the breast but this does not cure the person because she is still carrying the gene responsible for the disease and can as well pass it to her children. Genetic counseling is important so that individuals and families make wise decisions. Genetic counselors have knowledge of how genetic diseases are passed from parents to the offspring and therefore of great help to couples who would wish to get children. Depending on individual’s genetic composition, the counselor advice them on the probability of passing genetic disease to their offspring’s (Swarts, 2009). Effects of genetic diseases Genetic disorders cause anxiety and worry to the victims. Parents are worried that they may pass the disease to their children. People may react angrily to people for not telling their state in advance. This can cause divorce. The victims are always depressed. They do not know whether or not their children will get the disease. Termination off pregnancies due to attacks may also put the victim in a condition of stress. Parents have a feeling of guilt whenever they see their children suffering because they are the cause of the suffering. Some victims of genetic disorders live in isolation because the diseases are communicable. They suffer from loneliness. Lack of interaction with other people makes them feel that they are lesser beings. Lastly victims are always uncertain of whether they are at risk of genetic condition or they will test positive to the genetic disorder (Swarts, 2009). According to me, parents should not hesitate to go for the advice because it is a preventive measure. However, individuals should not go for the test to determine whether or not they have any genetic disorder. This is because they will have nothing to do after knowing their condition. Since it is in their genetic makeup, the condition will remain even after they are aware.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, some people get stressed up after getting to know that they suffer from diseases which cannot be cured. Stress and emotional discomfort may trigger other health related diseases. Some will think that they have limited days of living without knowing that they can live for many years in that condition. Why then should people want to know what will stress them for the rest of their lives? According to Milunsky Milunsky (2011) studies have shown that not all people diagnosed with gene carrying disorder contact the diseases. There are many people whose genes carry disorders but neither them nor any of their family members have been found with the disease. Since it’s not a must to get the disease, then why get tested.Many people discriminate against people with genetic disorders. Some may not want to interact with such people. Failure to undergo the test reduces stigmatization because none is aware of individual’s condition. Many people will never marry from su ch families once they are aware. Even if people are no0t diagnosed with the disease, the environment in which they live in may expose them to diseases. Lastly, treatment of genetic disorders is costly and the concerned may not be able to raise enough money if diagnosed with a genetic disorder. People should just wait for the signs of the disease to show. Parents whose probability of getting children with medical problems is high should not pay more premiums for their health insurance. The fact that they show great chances of having children with disorders is not a guarantee that they will bring up sickly children. Their children can also be normal. In addition, people suffering from other diseases may spend more in their treatments that those with genetic disorders. Since it’s difficult to predict how much an individual will spent, the insurance premium should be universal for people (Milunsky Milunsky, 2011). Moreover, people who refuse to undergo the test should equally pa y health insurance premium. Even if they went for the test, they will not change their condition. This is because whether they undergo the test or not, they will pay the premium which will cover their health insurance. Testing should be individual’s choice (Milunsky Milunsky, 2011). Conclusion The paper has outlined some of the diseases which are passed from parents to the parents to the offspring during the process of fertilization as well as other factors which put individual’s risk of contracting such diseases. The paper has also discussed treatment measures of some genetic diseases. Even though genetic diseases cannot be cured, there are solutions to such problems. The paper has outlined reasons as tp why parents should not go for a DNA test. Finally the paper argues against imposition of higher charges against people at greater risk of getting genetic diseases and those who refuse to undergo the test by health insurance companies. References Doak, R. (2011). Gene tic disorders. London: Benchmark Education Company. Lashley, R. (2005). Clinical genetics in nursing practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Milunsky, A. Milunsky, J. (2011). Genetic disorders and the fetus: Diagnosis, prevention and treatment. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Swarts, K. (2009). Genetic disorders. New York, NY: Greenhaven Press. This essay on Letting Nature Decide was written and submitted by user Lauren D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.